【www.zgpaoc.com--高考作文】
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语或名词构成的一种独立于主句之外的一种结构，在句中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式或补充说明等。其构成的前一部分为后一部分的逻辑主语，它在句法上不是句子，但它相当于一个其主语与主句主语不一致状语从句或并列的结构。这种结构在书面语用的较多，在已往的高考中不为考查的语法项目，然而在2007年的高考中，在山东省及其它省分的考题中却出现了。本文试对独立主格构成及作用加以归纳并对几年来的独立主格高考考点简要分析，以求对广大考生备考有所帮助。
一、独立主格结构的构成及语法作用：
1.名词／代词＋形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry.
= I heard that she got injured in the accident，and my heart was full of worry.（补充说明）
2.名词／代词＋现在分词
The rain having stopped，he went out for a walk.
= After/When the rain had stopped，he went out for a walk.（时间状语）
3.名词／代词＋过去分词
More time given，we should have done it much better.
= If more time had been given，we should have done it much better.（条件状语）
The boy stood there，his right hand raised.
= The boy stood there，and his right hand was raised.（伴随情况）
4.名词／代词＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month.
= Here are the first two volumes，and the third one will come out next month.（补充说明）
5.名词／代词十介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand.
= The huntsman entered the forest，and there was a gun in his hand.（行为方式）
6.名词／代词十副词
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away.
= Because nobody was in，the thief took a lot of things away.(原因状语)
7.名词／代词＋名词
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon.
= He fought the wolf，and a stick was his only weapon.（行为方式）
二、几点说明：
1.在独立主格中，若第二部分为形容词、副词、介词短语、或名词，其前的being可以省略。
The meal (being) over, we began to work again.
= When the meal was over, we began to work again.（时间状语）
The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.
= If the condition was favorable, he may succeed.（条件状语）
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver (being) the best of all.
= Almost all metals are good conductors，and silver is the best of all.（补充说明）
He put on his socks, wrong side (being) out.
= He put on his socks, and the wrong side was out.（补充说明）
It being Sunday, we had no special work to deal with.
= Because it was Sunday, we had no special work to deal with.（原因状语）
There being no classes, I went to the school library.
= Because there were no classes, I went to the school library.（原因状语）
2.独立结构的第二部分若为不定式，不定式表示将要发生的动作。
The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
= The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, and the details would be worked out later.（补充说明）
3.独立结构的第二部分若为-ing分词，-ing分词则表示正在进行的动作，或其前的成分与-ing分词之间为主动关系。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
= We redoubled our efforts, and each man was working like two.（补充说明）
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.
= If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday.（条件状语）
My car being repaired, I took a taxi there.
= Because my car was being repaired, I took a taxi there.（原因状语）
4.独立结构的第二部分若为-ed分词，-ed分词表示已发生的动作或存在的状态，或其前的成分与-ed分词之间为被动关系。-ed分词前一般不用being或having been。
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
= Because /When all our savings were gone, we started looking for jobs.（原因或时间状语）
Not far from the club there was a garden, its owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.
= Not far from the club there was a garden, and its owner was seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.（补充说明）
This done, we went home.
= When this had been done, we went home.（时间状语）
5.with复合结构指的是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。宾语由名词或代词充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。这种结构的作用相当于独立主格结构，但比独立主格结构更口语化。
He used to sleep with the door open.
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village.
With the work done，he went home.
With you to help us，we will finish the task in time.
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thousands of lights on at night.
With复合宾语结构也可作定语。
Who is that woman with a baby in her arms?
三、高考例题分析：
【高考原题1】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent________ at the end of last March.（2007年山东）
A.has been launchedB.having been launched
C.being launched________D.to be launched
【答案与解析】英语是不能用逗号连接两个句子的，因而逗号后的部分不是句子，而是独立主格结构， 作状语表补充说明。逗号后面的部分可扩展为and the most recent had been launched at the end of last March，可简化为 the most recent (having been) launched at the end of last March，故答案为B。我们认为此题的最佳选项应为launched, 因为题干的后半部分最好为 and the most recent was launched at the end of last March。在独立主格结构中，-ed分词前一般不用being 或 having been。
【高考原题2】The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons________for the day.（2007年重庆）
A.finishing________ B.finished
C.had finished________D.were finished
【答案与解析】逗号后面的部分可扩展为after their lessons were finished for the day， 可简化为 their lessons finished for the day，故答案为B。D项不对在于英语是不能用逗号连接两个句子的，显然缺少连词after。
【高考原题3】――Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
――Sorry.With so much work________ my mind, I almost break down.（2007年福建）
A.filledB.filling C.to fillD.being filled
【答案与解析】满脑子的工作，人要崩溃。若没有with的话，就是Work fills my mind, 明显看出它们的主谓宾关系，故答案为B。
【高考原题4】John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work________, he gladly accepted it.（2007年安徽）
A.finished ________B.finishing
C.having finishedD.was finished
【答案与解析】从with his work可以看出是with复合宾语结构， 不是完整句子，不能选D，work 与finish之间为动宾关系，故答案为A。
高考适应性练习：
1.Fall________, the swallows have gone to the south.省略ingB.省略eD.comes
2.The thief followed her, with his eyes________ on the wallet in her pocket.
A.fix B.fixedC.fixing D.to fixed
3.________of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend________ her.
A.Warned, followed
B.Warning, following
C.Having warned, following
D.Having been warned, following
4.The famous actor came out of the theatre, with a great many of his lovers________ around her.
A.crowd B.to crowd C.crowding D.to be crowded
5.There________ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall .
A.was B.beingC.were D.had been
6.The boy lay on the ground, his eyes________ and his hands________.
A.being closed；tremblingB.closed；trembling
C.closed；trembled________ D.closing；trembled
7.The heavy rain________, the children went outside to play.
A.had stopped________ B.stopped
C.stopping________________D.having stopped
8.________production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year.
A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through
9.The weather________ so bad, we had to put the game off.
A.wasB.isC.wereD.being
10.The problem________, the meeting came to the end.
A.settled B.was settled C.being settled D.setting
11.________two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A.With B.Besides C.As for D.Because of
12.It was a pity that the great writer died________his works unfinished.
A.for B.with C.from D.of
13.A lot of people felt concerned about the progress of the project,________.
A.me including________ B.me included
C.I was included________D.including I
14.Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker________a separate task.
A.assigning________B.assigned
C.was assigned________ D.would be assigned
15.The lecture________, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A.began________________B.beginning
C.having begun________D.being beginning
16.Such________ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
A.being B.is C.was D.to be
17.Darkness________ in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.
A.set B.setting C.has set D.was set
18.With all factors________, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
A.being considered B.considering
C.considered________ D.are considered
19.A new technique________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A.to have been worked outB.having worked out
C.working out________D.having been worked out
20.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears________, alert, listening.
A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing
21.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work________, we declined the offer.
A.not being finished B.not having finished
C.had not been finishedD.was not finished
22.There are various kinds of metals, each________its own properties.
A.has B.had C.to have D.having
23.The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A.makesB.madeC.is to makeD.making
24.All flights________, we decided to take a greyhound.
A.were canceled________B.had been canceled
C.having canceled D.having been canceled
25.The production________ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.
A.has gone up________B.is going up
C.having gone upD.being gone up
参考答案：
1-5 BBDCB, 6-10 BDCDA, 11-15 ABBBC, 16-20 ABCDA, 21-25 ADDDC